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Applications & Solutions
Environmental protection machine and equipments
1. Equipments for preventing air pollution
(1) Flue gas desulfurization (FGD)
Preventing air pollution is a cross boundary global problem. The emission of Oxysulfide sulfoxide X,nitrogen oxide（NOX）, carbon dioxide , chlorofluorocarbon and other effluent will cause severe harm to human as well as to ecology environment, thus the emission must be limited. Among these, the emission of SO2 is the earliest problem people paid attention to, for the purpose of solving the harm caused by acid rain. Statistics show, the annual artificial emission of SO2 is about 140 million tons/ year; in order to reduce the loss caused by acid rain, the global SO2 emission each year should be reduced by 40 million tons. The emission of SO2 mainly comes from power plants that burn fossil fuel. The method of using pre burn treatment, heavy oil desulfurization and adopting natural gas can only solve half of the emission, and the rest emission must be solved by way of flue gas desulfurization. In the end of the twentieth century, the capacity of all the flue gas desulfurization of the world is tantamount to 0.2 billion kw, each year, which can delete an SO2 amount around 10 million tons, and large quantities of FGD are required to be installed in order to achieve ideal effect.
The flue gas desulfurization (FGD) processes include dry method and wet method, see the following table:
The FGD in firepower plant mainly refers to the limestone-plaster technique, and the less used is sodium sulfite technique. In Japan, 60% of FGD is limestone-plaster technique, 30% is sodium sulfite technique, and 10% is vitriol sorbent technique; in Germany, 80% is limestone-plaster technique.
In the FGD technique process, the environmental conditions have large variations, and for different fuel, the content of corrosive medium contained in the flue gas is different, see the table below. In some desulfurization techniques, sulfuric acid must be added, and the corrosion can be more severe, thus under condition that the nonmetal lining cannot satisfy the requirements, stainless steel should be chosen. Under strict condition, Nickel-base anti-corrosion alloy must be chosen, and different anti-corrosion materials shall be chosen according to the content of chloride and PH value of the environment. In the desulfurization process, the components in the flue gas will be concentrated, at some points they can reach a very high concentration, for example, the chloride can sometimes arrive at more than 100 thousand ppm. And the right anti-corrosion material should be chosen according to the detailed situation.
The anti-corrosion material in FGD equipments commonly involve general stainless steel, high performance stainless steel and nickel-base anti-corrosion alloy, see the following Table 1. And it commonly follows the principle in Table 2 for choosing material for the different equipments in FGD.
The status of stainless steel and anti-corrosion alloy of the operating FGD is shown in the table below. For the differences between fossil fuel and minor discrimination between desulfurization, in different countries, there exist differences in material application for the purpose of solving problems of flue gas desulfurization including uniformed corrosion, corrosion pitting, crevice corrosion, and condensate corrosion, but in consideration of anti-corrosion and cost of stainless steel, the super austenite stainless steel（654SMO）has better performance and price advantages.
2. Dust removal equipment.
In the industry areas including chemical processing, food and metallurgy, dust removal equipment is widely used. In some industries, the purpose of dust moving is to prevent pollution to the products by dust, and in most industry, the purpose is to reduce the dust pollution to the environment. Stainless steel is widely used to make anti-corrosion and heat resistant components in various dust removal equipments, see the following table:
3. Waste water treating equipments
Living waste water and industrial waste water are the main sources for causing water contamination; for environmental protection, the waste water must be treated to reach qualified standards before exhausting or must be regenerated for usage. The treating methods include physical method, chemical method and biochemical method. These methods are commonly not used singly, but in combination, thus to achieve ideal results. The waste water treating technique does not use a lot of stainless steel, and only at some corrosive points that stainless steel is used. The application of stainless steel in waste water treating industries is shown in the following table:
4. Ordure treatment.
The PH value of ordure is 7-9, but it contains small sums of H2S and will require large sum of water for flushing, the environment is comparatively corrosive, some treating devices and equipments are made of anti-corrosion stainless steel, and the application of stainless steel in ordure treatment is shown in the table below:
(1) Flue gas desulfurization (FGD)
Preventing air pollution is a cross boundary global problem. The emission of Oxysulfide sulfoxide X,nitrogen oxide（NOX）, carbon dioxide , chlorofluorocarbon and other effluent will cause severe harm to human as well as to ecology environment, thus the emission must be limited. Among these, the emission of SO2 is the earliest problem people paid attention to, for the purpose of solving the harm caused by acid rain. Statistics show, the annual artificial emission of SO2 is about 140 million tons/ year; in order to reduce the loss caused by acid rain, the global SO2 emission each year should be reduced by 40 million tons. The emission of SO2 mainly comes from power plants that burn fossil fuel. The method of using pre burn treatment, heavy oil desulfurization and adopting natural gas can only solve half of the emission, and the rest emission must be solved by way of flue gas desulfurization. In the end of the twentieth century, the capacity of all the flue gas desulfurization of the world is tantamount to 0.2 billion kw, each year, which can delete an SO2 amount around 10 million tons, and large quantities of FGD are required to be installed in order to achieve ideal effect.
The flue gas desulfurization (FGD) processes include dry method and wet method, see the following table:
FGD process type
|
Wet
method |
Process type
|
absorbentabsorbent
|
Status of absorbing liquid
|
Material
|
Byproduct
|
|
|
Lime-plaster method
|
Calcium sulfite CaSO3
|
Serosity
|
Calcium carbonate
White lime Calces |
CaCO3
Ca(OH)2 CaO |
Plaster
CaSO4·2H2O |
|
|
Mg-plaster method
|
Magnesium sulfite MgSO3
calcium sulfite CaSO3 |
Serosity
|
magnesium hydrate
white lime calcium carbonate |
Mg(OH)2
Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 |
Plaster
|
|
|
Na2SO3-Glauber salt method
|
sodium sulfite
Na2SO3 |
Solution
|
Caustic soda
|
NaOH
|
exhaust the Glauber salt liquid
|
|
|
Sodium sulfite reclaim method
|
Caustic soda
|
NaOH
|
Na2SO3
|
|||
|
Sodium sulfite plaster method
|
Calcium carbonate
White lime |
CaCO3
Ca(OH)2 CaO |
Plaster
|
|||
|
Sodium sulfite-sulfuric acid method
|
Caustic soda
|
NaOH
|
Sulfuric acid
|
|||
|
Diluted sulfuric acid-plaster method
|
Diluted sulfuric acid
|
Solution
|
Sulfuric acid
Calcium carbonate |
H2SO4
CaCO3 |
Plaster
|
|
|
NH3-ammonia sulfate method
|
Ammonium sulfite
(NH4)2SO3 |
Solution
|
Ammonium hydroxide
|
NH4OH
|
Ammonium sulfate
(NH4)2SO4 |
|
|
NH3- NH3-plaster method
|
White lime
|
Ca(OH)2
|
Plaster
|
|||
|
Al-plaster method
|
Alkalinity aluminium sulfate
Al2(SO4)3Al2O3 |
Serosity
|
Aluminium sulfate
Calcium carbonate |
Al2(SO4)3
CaCO3 |
Plaster
|
|
|
Mg method
|
Magnesium sulfite MgSO3
|
Solution
|
Magnesium hydrate
|
Mg(OH)2
|
Exhaust the bitter salt liquid MgSO4
|
|
|
Dry
method |
Activated carbon absorption method
|
Activated carbon
|
|
Activated carbon
|
|
Sulfur
|
|
Spray drying method
|
Ca(OH)2
Na2CO3 |
Serosity
|
White lime
Sodium carbonate |
Ca(OH)2
Na2CO3 |
Plaster and others
|
|
The FGD in firepower plant mainly refers to the limestone-plaster technique, and the less used is sodium sulfite technique. In Japan, 60% of FGD is limestone-plaster technique, 30% is sodium sulfite technique, and 10% is vitriol sorbent technique; in Germany, 80% is limestone-plaster technique.
In the FGD technique process, the environmental conditions have large variations, and for different fuel, the content of corrosive medium contained in the flue gas is different, see the table below. In some desulfurization techniques, sulfuric acid must be added, and the corrosion can be more severe, thus under condition that the nonmetal lining cannot satisfy the requirements, stainless steel should be chosen. Under strict condition, Nickel-base anti-corrosion alloy must be chosen, and different anti-corrosion materials shall be chosen according to the content of chloride and PH value of the environment. In the desulfurization process, the components in the flue gas will be concentrated, at some points they can reach a very high concentration, for example, the chloride can sometimes arrive at more than 100 thousand ppm. And the right anti-corrosion material should be chosen according to the detailed situation.
Flue gas components
|
Medium components
|
Fire coal
|
Heavy oil
|
|
SOX，ppm
NOX，ppm HCl，ppm HF，ppm dust，mg/m3 |
300-1000
100-200 10-40 5-30 100-200 |
500-2000
60-100 <2 <3 20-50 |
The anti-corrosion material in FGD equipments commonly involve general stainless steel, high performance stainless steel and nickel-base anti-corrosion alloy, see the following Table 1. And it commonly follows the principle in Table 2 for choosing material for the different equipments in FGD.
Table 1 - The anti-corrosion material for FGD
|
Material name
|
Main alloy components
|
|
316L
317L 317LM 317LMN 2205 double phase steel Alloy 255 254SMO 654SMO Incolog825 904L Soniero-28 20Nb-3 20Mo-6 HastellogG HastellogC-276 HastellogC-22 |
00Cr17Ni14Mo2
00Cr19Ni13Mo3 00Cr19Ni15Mo4 00Cr19Ni15Mo4N 00Cr22Ni5Mo3N 00Cr25Ni5Mo3Cu2N 00Cr20Ni18Mo6CuN 00Cr24Ni22Mo7NCu 0Cr22Ni42Mo3Cu2 00Cr21Ni25Mo5Cu2 00Cr27Ni31Mo3Cu 00Cr20Ni34M2Cu4N 00Cr23Ni34Mo6Cu3 0Cr22Ni44Mo7Cu2Nb2w 00Cr16Ni56Mo16w4 00Cr22Ni61Mo13w3Fe3 |
|
YUS 260 (Japan)
YUS 270 (Japan) |
00Cr20Ni15Mo3Cu2N
2Cr20Ni18Mo6CuN |
Table 2 - The guide for choosing stainless steel and nickel alloy to make FGD washing tower
|
|
|
Weak
|
Medium
|
Strong
|
Super strong
|
|
|
Chloride
ppm |
100
500
|
1000
5000
|
10000
50000
|
100000
200000
|
|
Weak
|
PH6.5
|
316L
316L
|
316L
317M
|
Alloy 904L
Alloy G3
|
Alloy G3
Alloy 625
|
|
Medium
|
PH4.5
|
316L
316L
|
317M
Alloy 904L
|
Alloy G3
Alloy G3
|
Alloy 625
Alloy 625
|
|
Strong
|
PH2.0
|
317LM
317LM
|
Alloy 904L
Alloy G3
|
Alloy G3
Alloy G3
|
Alloy 625
Alloy C276
|
|
Super strong
|
PH1.0
|
Alloy 904L
Alloy 904L
|
Alloy G3
Alloy G3
|
Alloy G3
Alloy 625
|
Alloy C276
Alloy C22
|
The status of stainless steel and anti-corrosion alloy of the operating FGD is shown in the table below. For the differences between fossil fuel and minor discrimination between desulfurization, in different countries, there exist differences in material application for the purpose of solving problems of flue gas desulfurization including uniformed corrosion, corrosion pitting, crevice corrosion, and condensate corrosion, but in consideration of anti-corrosion and cost of stainless steel, the super austenite stainless steel（654SMO）has better performance and price advantages.
The operating situation of stainless steel and anti-corrosion alloy in FGD equipments
|
Name of equipment
|
Material
|
|
Pre-washing tower container
|
00Cr17Ni14Mo2，HastellogG，00Cr19Ni13Mo3 C-276 alloy
|
|
Chill/absorbing tower container
|
HastellogG，Js-700，00Cr17Ni14Mo2 C-276，00Cr19Ni13Mo3，904L，317LM，Inconel625,654SMO，254SMO
|
|
Outlet pipe and reheater
|
Hastellog C-22 ( outlet pipe lining ), reheater pipes and the hull of 00Cr17Ni14Mo2, C-22, C-276, Inconel625, 317LM, 904L, 654SMO
|
|
Chimney
|
C-276, wallpaper steel lining YUS260, YUS270
|
2. Dust removal equipment.
In the industry areas including chemical processing, food and metallurgy, dust removal equipment is widely used. In some industries, the purpose of dust moving is to prevent pollution to the products by dust, and in most industry, the purpose is to reduce the dust pollution to the environment. Stainless steel is widely used to make anti-corrosion and heat resistant components in various dust removal equipments, see the following table:
Stainless steel in dust removal equipments
|
Name of the equipmet
|
Material
|
|
Cyclone dust collecting equipment
|
0Cr18Ni9 is used to make the dust receiving equipment and components that contact with corrosive gas
|
|
Venture scrubber
|
0Cr18Ni9: used when temperature >600℃ , to make air channel, air blower hull
0Cr17Ni12Mo2 00Cr17Ni14Mo2: scrubber, blade of the blower |
|
Electric dust removal
|
0Cr17Ni12Mo2: scrubber hull, dust collector, blower hull, blower blade
0Cr17Ni14Mo2: discharge electrode |
3. Waste water treating equipments
Living waste water and industrial waste water are the main sources for causing water contamination; for environmental protection, the waste water must be treated to reach qualified standards before exhausting or must be regenerated for usage. The treating methods include physical method, chemical method and biochemical method. These methods are commonly not used singly, but in combination, thus to achieve ideal results. The waste water treating technique does not use a lot of stainless steel, and only at some corrosive points that stainless steel is used. The application of stainless steel in waste water treating industries is shown in the following table:
The application of stainless steel in waste water treating industry
|
Name of equipment and part
|
Material
|
|
Filtration web, filter
|
0Cr18Ni9: Minutia filtration web , frame chain, slag filtrating components inside the filter
|
|
Precipitation slot, separating slot
|
0Cr18Ni9，0Cr17Ni12Mo2: For making the collector of corrosive waste water mud , stirrer
|
|
Neutralizing slot, drug adding container
|
0Cr18Ni9，0Cr17Ni12Mo2: For making the axis, wings of stirrer,
|
|
Filter
|
fastening piece
|
|
Centrifugal separator
|
0Cr25Ni6Mo2(SCS11), CD-4MCu cast copper
|
|
Pump, valve, instrument
|
0Cr18Ni9，0Cr17Ni12Mo2: The pump for transporting corrosive waste water, bobber of tank gauge, flow test riser
|
|
Ion exchanging equipment
|
0Cr18Ni9，0Cr17Ni12Mo2: Used to make the baffle for preventing resin over brimming
|
4. Ordure treatment.
The PH value of ordure is 7-9, but it contains small sums of H2S and will require large sum of water for flushing, the environment is comparatively corrosive, some treating devices and equipments are made of anti-corrosion stainless steel, and the application of stainless steel in ordure treatment is shown in the table below:
The application of stainless steel in ordure treatment
|
Name of the equipment
|
Material
|
|
Filtration web for eliminating impurities
|
0Cr18Ni9
|
|
Spin-drier, screw punch, disintegrator
|
0Cr18Ni9
|
|
Heat exchanging pipe for deodorization with burning
|
0Cr18Ni9
|
|
Burning deodorization reaction room
|
0Cr18Ni9，0Cr25Ni20
|
|
Valves for digesting treatment method, inlet part for the air absorbed by booster
|
0Cr18Ni9
|
|
Deposit mud carrier for second treatment at the sedimentation basin
|
0Cr18Ni9
|
